UNIT 1:
Classifications and basic principles of surveying
Compass - Types of Compass - Basic Principles- Bearing
Equipment and accessories for ranging and chaining - Methods of ranging
Principles and theory of Levelling – Datum- Bench Marks
Reduction - Sources of errors in Levelling
Temporary and Permanent Adjustments- Methods of Levelling
Curvature and refraction.
Types - True Bearing - Magnetic Bearing - Levelling
Equipment and accessories for ranging and chaining - Methods of ranging
Classifications and basic principles of surveying
UNIT 2:
Tacheometric contouring - Contour gradient
Tangential and Stadia Tacheometry surveying
Stadia Constants and Analytic Lens
Contour – Contouring – Characteristics of contours
Horizontal and vertical angle measurements
Heights and distances and Tacheometer
Temporary and permanent adjustments
Uses of contour plan and map
UNIT 3:
Horizontal and vertical control – Methods – specifications
triangulation- baseline – satellite station
reduction to centre- trigonometrical levelling
single and reciprocal observations – traversing – Gale’s table
Errors Sources- precautions and corrections – classification of errors
true and most probable values - weighed observations
method of equal shifts – principle of least squares
normal equation – correlates
level nets- adjustment of simple triangulation networks.
Errors Sources- precautions and corrections – classification of errors
Horizontal and vertical control – Methods – specifications
triangulation- baseline – satellite station
UNIT 4:
Hydrographic Surveying – Tides – MSL – Sounding methods
Celestial coordinate systems - different time systems
Astronomical terms and definitions - Motion of sun and stars
Field observations and determination of Azimuth by altitude and hour angle methods
Strength of fix – astronomical Surveying
Nautical Almanac - Apparent altitude and corrections
Determination of time, longitude, latitude and azimuth by altitude and hour angle method
UNIT 5:
On board calculations - Field procedure
Parts and accessories - working principle
Total Station : Advantages - Fundamental quantities measured
GPS Surveying : Different segments - space, control and user segments
satellite configuration - signal structure
Orbit determination and representation - Anti Spoofing and Selective Availability
Errors and Good practices in using Total Station
Task of control segment - Hand Held and Geodetic receivers
data processing - Traversing and triangulation
