1 Describe the structure of hip joint including the articulating surfaces on the pelvis and femur, angulations, angle of torsion, internal architecture of femur and pelvis, ligaments and muscles. 2 Describe the function of hip – rotation between pelvis, lumbar spine, and hip: pelvic Motion – anterior posterior pelvic tilting, lumbar pelvic rhythm, lateral pelvic tilting and Pelvic rotation. 3 Describe femoral motion 4 Describe hip stability in erect bilateral stance, sagittal plane equilibrium and unilateral stance 5 Describe reduction of forces with weight shifting and using a cane and deviations from normal in muscular weakness and bony abnormalities 6 Coxa valga and coax vara on the basis of hip stability and mobility 7 Ante version and retroversion on the basis of hip stability and mobility

1 Describe the structure of the tibiofemoral joint – articulating surfaces on femur and tibia, The menisci, joint capsule and bursa, ligaments and other supporting structures Anterior – posterior and medial – lateral stability, muscle structure: 2 Knee flexors and Extensors: axes of knee complex: mechanical axis: anatomic axis and axis of motion. 3 Describe the function of the tibiofemoral joint: range of motion, flexion and extension, rotation, abduction and adduction, locking and unlocking, functions of menisci and Muscle function 4 Describe the structure and function of patellofemoral joint 5 Describe the effects of injury and disease in the tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral Joint 37 6 Q angle, Bursa around the knee

Describe the structure – ankle joint, tibia fibular joint, transverse tarsal joint, tarsometatarsal joint, metatarsophalangeal joints, and interphalangeal joint 2 Describe about arches of foot 3 Describe dorsi flexion and plantar flexion, inversion and eversion, adduction and abduction, supination and pronation relating to ankle foot complex. 4 Extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the foot

Describe the effects of gravity and indicate the location of the gravity line in the sagital Plane in optimal posture 2 Analyze posture with respect to the optimal alignment of joints in the AP and lateral view 3 Role of muscles and ligaments that maintain gravitational moments in erect posture 4 Explain the postural deviations – pesplanus, hallusvalgus, pescavus, idiopathic scoliosis, Kyphosis, lordosis

Gait – Stance, Swing, Double support phases of gait and its sub division, parameters of gait 2 Analyze joint motion at hip, knee and ankle of the extremity during gait cycle 3 Describe the muscle activity at hip, knee and ankle throughout the gait cycle and muscle activity at the trunk and upper extremities. 4 Pathological gait and its biomechanical implications.