139

gait

Q1. Define gait. Describe stance and swing phases in detail with a neat diagram. Q2. Write notes on parameters of gait (cadence, step length, stride length, velocity). Q3. Explain joint motion at hip, knee, and ankle during gait cycle. Q4. Describe muscle activity of lower limb during gait. Q5. Discuss pathological gait and its biomechanical implications.

73

posture

Q1. Define posture. Explain the role of gravity line in maintaining posture. Q2. Draw and explain optimal alignment of joints in lateral and AP view. Q3. Write notes on kyphosis and lordosis with diagrams. Q4. Discuss the role of muscles and ligaments in maintaining erect posture. Q5. Explain postural deviations – pes planus, hallux valgus, pes cavus.

52

ankle complex

Q1. Draw and label the arches of the foot. Explain their functional significance. Q2. Explain dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, and eversion with muscles involved. Q3. Write a note on intrinsic muscles of the foot. Q4. Describe the functional role of transverse tarsal joint. Q5. Explain the importance of pronation and supination in gait.

17

knee complex

Q1. Describe the structure and function of menisci with the help of a diagram. Q2. Explain the mechanical and anatomical axes of the knee. Q3. Write notes on locking and unlocking mechanisms. Q4. Explain the role of quadriceps and hamstrings during knee flexion and extension. Q5. Discuss the importance of Q-angle and its abnormalities.

hip complex

Q1. Draw and label the structure of the hip joint including articulating surfaces. Q2. Explain pelvic motions (anterior/posterior tilt, lateral tilt, rotation) with suitable examples in daily activities. Q3. Write a short note on coxa vara and coxa valga with their effects on mobility and stability. Q4. Describe hip stability during unilateral stance and its clinical importance. Q5. Discuss the clinical significance of anteversion and retroversion.