Number Systems – Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal, 1‗s and 2‗s complements, Codes – Binary, BCD, Excess 3, Gray, Alphanumeric codes, Boolean theorems, Logic gates, Universal gates, Sum of products and product of sums, Minterms and Maxterms, Karnaugh map Minimization and Quine-McCluskey method of minimization.

Design of Half and Full Adders, Half and Full Subtractors, Binary Parallel Adder – Carry look ahead Adder, BCD Adder, Multiplexer, Demultiplexer, Magnitude Comparator, Decoder, Encoder, Priority Encoder.

Flip flops – SR, JK, T, D, Master/Slave FF – operation and excitation tables, Triggering of FF, Analysis and design of clocked sequential circuits – Design - Moore/Mealy models, state minimization, state assignment, circuit implementation – Design of Counters- Ripple Counters, Ring Counters, Shift registers, Universal Shift Register.

Stable and Unstable states, output specifications, cycles and races, state reduction, race free assignments, Hazards, Essential Hazards, Pulse mode sequential circuits, Design of Hazard free circuits.

Basic memory structure – ROM -PROM – EPROM – EEPROM –EAPROM, RAM – Static and dynamic RAM - Programmable Logic Devices – Programmable Logic Array (PLA) - Programmable Array Logic (PAL) – Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) - Implementation of combinational logic circuits using PLA, PAL. Digital integrated circuits: Logic levels, propagation delay, power dissipation, fan-out and fanin, noise margin, logic families and their characteristics-RTL, TTL, ECL, CMOS