Nomenclature - structure of carbonyl compounds · chemical properties - nucleophilic addition mechanism at carbonyl group (eg: HCN, ROH, RNH) - acidity of alpha hydrogen - keto-enol tautomerism (proof for the two forms). Reduction and oxidation reactions of carbonyl compounds - paraformaldehyde, metaformaldehyde - uses of aliphatic carbonyl compound - Claisen condensation - Aldol condensation - Robinson annulation. General methods of preparation of aromatic carbonyl compounds - physical and chemical properties - uses - effect of aryl group on the reactivity of carbonyl group.

Reaction mechanisms: Nucleophilic addition of Grignard reagent, NH3, primary amine - Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Perkin reaction, Knoevanagel reaction and Claisen- Schimidt reaction. Reformatsky reaction, benzoin condensation, Wittig reaction, haloform reaction - reaction with LiAlH4 and NaBHA - Clemmensen reduction, Wolff Kishner reduction, MPV reduction - reducing properties of carbonyl compounds.

Nomenclature - acidity of carboxylic acids based on substituent effect - comparison of acid strengths of halogen substituted acetic acids - acid strengths of substituted benzoic acids - acid derivatives - nucleophilic substitution mechanism at acyl carbon. Preparation, properties and uses of acid derivatives: acid chloride, anhydrides, esters, amides. Chemistry of compounds containing active methylene group - synthesis and synthetic applications of acetoacetic ester and malonic ester. Dicarboxylic acids: preparation, physical properties, chemical properties and uses. Introduction to oils and fats - fatty acids - manufacture of soap - mechanism of cleaning action of soap.

Nomenclature - nitro alkanes - alkyl nitrites - differences - aromatic nitro compounds - preparation and reduction of nitro benzene under different conditions, TNT. Amines: effect of substituents on basicity of aliphatic and aromatic amines - reactions of amino compounds (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary amine compounds). Mechanism of carbylamine reaction, diazotization and comparison of aliphatic and aromatic amines. Diazonium compounds: preparation and synthetic applications of diazomethane, benzene diazonium chloride and diazo acetic ester.

Structure, synthesis and properties of pyrrole and pyridine - comparison of the basicity of pyridine with pyrrole and amines. Quinoline - structure and Skraup synthesis. Isoquinoline structure and Napieralski synthesis and Indole - structure and Fischer-indole synthesis Dyes: Color and constitution - chromophore - auxochrome - classification according to application and structure - preparation and uses of methyl orange, fluorescein, alizarin, indigo and malachite green dyes.