Data Types – Number Systems – Radix , Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal – Conversion – Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers – Decimal Representation – BCD – Alphanumeric Representation – ASCII – Complements – 9‘s, 10‘s, 1‘s and 2‘s Complement – 2‘s Complement Addition – 2‘s Complement Subtraction – Other Binary Codes – Gray Code – BCD – Weighted Code – Excess-3 Code – EBCIDIC – Error Detection.

Digital Computers – Introduction – Block Diagram – Logic Gates – Definition – AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, X-NOR with Truth Tables – Boolean Algebra – Introduction – Boolean Expression – Basic Identities – DeMorgan‘s Theorem – Map Simplification – Karnaugh Map – Introduction – Minterm – Product of Sums Simplification – Don‘t Care Conditions.

Introduction – Block Diagram – Half Adder – Full Adder – Binary Adder – Parallel Binary Adder - Binary Subtractor. SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS: Flip-flops – Introduction – SR flip-flop – D flip-flop – JK flip-flop –T flip-flop – Edge triggered flip-flop – Master – Slave.

Integrated Circuits – Introduction – Decoders – NAND Gate Decoder – Decoder Expansion – Encoder – Multiplexer – Demultiplexer – Registers – Register With Parallel Load – Shift Registers – Binary Counters – Memory Unit – Random Access Memory (RAM) – Read Only Memory (ROM)

Peripheral Devices – ASCII – Input Output Interface – I/O Bus and Interface Modules – I/O versus Memory Bus – Isolated versus Memory –Mapped I/O- Examples of I/O Interface – Asynchronous Data Transfer – Strobe Control – Handshaking.