Coulomb's law – superposition principle – electric field – electric field due to point charge – potential difference – electric potential – electric potential as line integral of electric field – potential at a point and potential difference between two points due to a point charge – relation between electric field and electric potential – capacitance of a conductor – principle of a capacitor – capacitance of a parallel capacitor – electric current – current density – expression for current density – Ohm's law and temperature coefficient of resistance – Kirchhoff's laws – application of kirchhoff's laws to Wheatstone's network – potentiometer – magnetic field and magnetic lines of force – Faraday's laws of electro-magnetic induction – self induction – self induction of a long solenoid – Growth of a charge in a circuit with inductance, capacitance and resistance – Discharge of a capacitor through an inductor and resistor in series – EMF induced in a coil rotating in a magnetic field – AC circuit containing resistance, inductance and capacitance in series – impedance and resonance frequency.

Fermat's principle and its applications Fermat's principles of least time and extremum path – Laws of reflection and refraction by Fermat's principle – the thin lens formula by Fermat's principle – focal length of a thin lens Interference & Diffraction Light waves – Phase difference and coherence – optical path – phase change by optical path and reflection – superposition of waves – Definition and theory of interference by analytical method – intensity distribution in interference – superposition of incoherent and coherent waves – Young's double slit experiment: path difference, conditions for bright and dark fringes, separation between neighbouring bright fringes – Definition and kinds of diffraction – Fraunhoffer diffraction at double slit and plane transmission grating by geometrical method.

Frame of reference - Postulates of special relativity – time dilation – length contraction by cosmic-ray muons – relativistic momentum – mass and energy – quantum theory of light and photon – De Broglie waves – waves of probability – classical mechanics and quantum mechanics – wave function – Schrodinger's equation: time- dependent form – expectation values – operators – Schrodinger's equation: steady-state form – applications of Schrodinger's equation : particle in a box – finite potential well – harmonic oscillator and its energy levels – zero-point energy.

Electron orbits – failure of classical physics – atomic spectra and spectral series – the Bohr atom – energy levels and spectra – origin of line spectrum – quantization in the atomic world – correspondence principle – Schrodinger's equation for the hydrogen atom – separation of variables method – quantum numbers – electron spin and spin quantum number – atomic structure: shells and subshells of electrons – shell and sub shell capacities

Definition of matter – crystalline solids and unit cell – energy bands in solids – bonds in solids – valance and conduction bands – conduction in solids – hole formation and its movement – conductors, semiconductors and insulators – types of semiconductors: intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors – the P-N junction diode – formation of depletion layer – junction or barrier voltage – forward biased P-N junction – forward V/I characteristics – reverse biased P-N junction – reverse V/I characteristics – Zener diode and its characteristics – the bipolar junction transistor – transistor circuit configurations: CB,CE,CC configurations – relations between transistor currents – transistor characteristics : CB static characteristics, CE static characteristics, CC static characteristics.