History of hybrid vehicles, social and environmental importance of hybrid vehicles, impact of modern drive train on energy supplies. Hybrid Electric Drive-train configurations - basic concept of hybrid traction, architecture - merits and challenges, power flow control in hybrid drive-train topologies, fuel efficiency analysis.

Requirements in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, Types of batteries – lead acid batteries, nickel based batteries, and lithium based batteries - Battery Charging, Battery Characterization - capacity, discharge rate, state of charge, state of discharge, depth of Discharge, Technical characteristics, battery pack design, battery management system, Ultra capacitors.

Maximum speed - Acceleration – Gradeability, HEV - mechanics, efficiency, driving cycles, regulations, sizing the propulsion motor and power electronics, Design of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Design of a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), Vehicle Simulation, Comparison of ICEV and HEV, Well-to-Wheel Analysis.

Introduction – working and types of fuel cell – low, medium and high temperature fuel cells - Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell, Solid Oxide fuel cell, Alkaline fuel cells, Molten carbonate fuel cell, Phosphoric acid fuel cell, liquid and methanol type fuel cells, Microbial fuel cell

Fuel cells for automotive applications, components of fuel cell - Membrane Electrode Assembly components, fuel cell stack, bi-polar plate, humidifiers and cooling plates, materials for fuel cell- carbon fibre, Fuel cell based vehicle, technological advancements in fuel cell vehicle systems