Measurement System– Instrumentation–Classification and Characteristics of Transducers–Static and Dynamic– Errors in Measurements. Strain Gauge: Bounded & Unbounded strain gauge, strain gauge as displacement- pressure transducers -Capacitive transducer - Inductive transducer –LVDT – RTD – Thermistor – Thermocouple – Phototube -scintillation counter -Photo Multiplier Tube (PMT) –Piezoelectric transducer as pressure transducer-biomedical applications of all the transducers.
Digital voltmeter - Multi meter– CRO - block diagram, CRT– DSO - LCD monitor -PMMC writing systems -servo recorders –photographic recorder - magnetic tape recorder - Inkjet recorder.
Origin of biopotential and its propagation, Nernst equation, Goldman equation- Hodgkin-Huxley model – Electrode – electrolyte interface, electrode–skin interface, half cell potential, polarization effects of electrode – non polarizable electrodes. Types of electrodes: surface, needle and microelectrodes. Transcutaneous electrodes, ion sensitive field effect transistors.
Temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate measurements –Blood Pressure: indirect methods - auscultatory method, oscillometric method, direct methods: electronic manometer, Pressure amplifiers -systolic, diastolic, mean detector circuit –Blood flow and cardiac output measurement: Indicator dilution, thermal dilution and dye dilution method -Electromagnetic and ultrasound blood flow measurement.
Biochemical sensors-pH, pO2 and pCO2 -Blood glucose sensors-Blood gas analyzers –colorimeter – flame photometer –spectrophotometer -blood cell counter.
Reference Book:
Albert D.Helfrick and William D. Cooper. Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques‖, Prentice Hall of India, 1stedition, 2016. Ernest O Doebelin and Dhanesh N Manik, Measurement systems, Application and design, 6th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2012. John G. Webster, ―Medical Instrumentation Application and Design‖, 4th edition, Wiley India Pvt Ltd,New Delhi, 2015. L.A Geddas and L.E.Baker, “Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation”, John Wiley and Sons, Third Edition, Reprint 2008.
Text Book:
A.K.Sawhney, Electrical & Electronics Measurement and Instrumentation‖,10th edition, Dhanpat Rai & Co, New Delhi, 19th Revised edition 2011, Reprint 2014. Khandpur R.S, Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation, 3rdedition, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2014.