Introduction to refrigeration, unit of refrigeration capacity. Review of Second law of thermodynamics and interpretation. Production of low temperatures - principles and process. Refrigerants - classification and thermodynamic properties. Ozone depletion potential. Reversed Carnot cycle. Limitations of reversed Carnot systems

Refrigeration cycle – simple vapour compression, vapour absorption cycle, p-h and T-s diagrams, COP. Energy ratios and Power consumption of a refrigerating machine. Standard rating cycle and effect of operating conditions. Air refrigeration system – reversed Brayton cycle.

Evaporator- dry and flooded type, liquid cooling evaporator. Condenser- water cooled, air cooled and evaporative condenser. Compressor - Reciprocating type compressors. Expansion valve - thermostatic expansion valve

Pre-cooling systems, Cold storage- construction, insulation and operation. Design of cold storage unit. Calculation of refrigeration load in cold store. Prefabricated systems, walk-in-coolers. Frozen storage, Cryogenics – Linde and Claude system for liquefaction of air.

Introduction, Components of cold chain. Refrigerated distribution and transport systems, Cold chain in retail, Traceability- Application of RFID in cold chain. Role of refrigeration in food production - candy manufacture, beverage processing, bakery products, meat products, poultry products, fishery products, fruit /vegetables and dairy products.