Unit operations in food processing –conservation of mass and energy – overall view of an engineering process-dimensions and units – dimensional and unit consistency – dimensionless ratios-evaporation – definition – liquid characteristics – single and multiple effect evaporation- types of evaporators- performance of evaporators and boiling point elevation – capacity – economy and heat balance-– evaporation of heat sensitive materials.

Filtration – definition –filter media – types and requirements-constant rate filtration – constant pressure filtration – filter cake resistance-filtration equipment – rotary vacuum filter – filter press-sedimentation – gravitational sedimentation of particles in a fluid – Stoke’s law, sedimentation of particles in gas- cyclones – settling under sedimentation and gravitational sedimentation-centrifugal separations – rate of separations – liquid-liquid separation – centrifuge equipment.

Size reduction – grinding and cutting – principles of comminuting – characteristics of comminuted products – particle size distribution in comminuted products-energy and power requirements in comminuting – crushing efficiency – Rittinger’s, Bond’s and Kick’s laws for crushing-size reduction equipments – crushers – jaw crusher, gyratory crusher-crushing rolls – grinders – hammer mills – rolling compression mills - attrition, rod, ball and tube mills – construction and operation- Mixing- kneading-blending- emulsification-homogenization.

Contact equilibrium separation processes – concentrations – gas-liquid and solid-liquid equilibrium – gas absorption – rate of gas absorption – stage – equilibrium gas absorption and equipment-properties of tower packing – types – construction – flow through packed towers-extraction – rate of extraction – stage equilibrium extraction-equipment for leaching coarse solids – intermediate solids – basket extractor-extraction of fine material. Decantation systems – extraction towers-washing – equipments.

Crystallization – equilibrium -solubility and equilibrium diagram – rate of crystal growth – equilibrium crystallization-crystallization equipment – classification – construction and operation-tank, agitated batch, Swenson-Walker vacuum crystallizers-distillation – binary mixtures – flash and differential distillation-steam distillation – theory – consumption – continuous distillation with rectification – vacuum distillation - batch distillation – operation and process – advantages and limitations-azeotropic distillation.Membrane separation-osmosis –ultra filtration- reverse osmosis-rate of flow through membranes