Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers - Conversion between these number systems - Complements 1‘s and 2‘s complements- subtraction using complements – Encoding numbers and characters using Binary digits – Binary coded Decimal – Gray code - Binary to Gray code conversion – ASCII Code. Logic gates – Truth tables – NOT, AND, OR, NOR, NAND, XOR, XNOR - Boolean Laws and theorems – Solving Boolean expressions, Truth Tables and Logic circuits –The Karnaugh Map – half adder - full adder - Multiplexers - Demultiplexers - Decoders - encoders.

Flip Flops – RS, D, T, JK Flip Flops – Characteristic equations, exciting tables – JK Master-Slave flip-flop – Universal shift register - Design of modulo-N counters – counter design using state diagram.

The characteristics of Ideal Operation – slew rate, offset voltage, bias current, CMRR, bandwidth - equivalent circuit of an op-Amp – virtual ground concept – Linear applications of op-amp – inverting and non-inverting amplifier, summing, subtracting, averaging amplifier - voltage to current converter – current to voltage converter – Differential amplifiers – differentiator - integrator - Nonlinear applications: comparator, Schmitt Triggers, Precision diode Half wave, full wave rectifiers, Average detectors, peak detector

Active filters (first and second order) – Low pass, high pass, band pass filters, band reject filters – Oscillators: RC Phase shift, Wein-bridge - Waveform generators: Square, triangular and saw tooth.

555 Timer (internal diagram) and its applications – monostable multi-vibrator, astable multi-vibrator. Phase locked Loop (565 - block diagram approach) and its applications: Frequency multiplication, Frequency translation, voltage to frequency and frequency to voltage converters. DAC: Binary weighted DAC and R-2R DAC. ADC: single slope and dual slope ADCs, successive approximation ADC