Evaporation: Principles of evaporation, mass and energy balance, factors affecting rate of evaporation, thermodynamics of evaporation (phase change, boiling point elevation, Dühring plot; Heat and mass transfer in evaporator, factors influencing the overall heat transfer coefficient, influence of feed liquor properties on evaporation Evaporation equipment: Natural circulation evaporators, horizontal/vertical short tube, natural circulation with external calandria, long tube, forced circulation; Evaporator ancillary plant, design of evaporation systems, single effect, multiple effect evaporators, feeding methods of multiple effect evaporation systems, feed preheating, vapour recompression systems Fouling of evaporators and heat exchangers; Recompression heat and mass recovery and vacuum creating devices

Basic drying theory, heat and mass transfer in drying, drying rate curves, calculation drying times, dryer efficiencies; classification and selection of dryers; tray, vacuum, osmotic, fluidized bed, pneumatic, rotary, tunnel, trough, bin, belt, microwave, IR heat pump and freeze dryers; dryers for liquid: Drum or roller dryer, spray dryer and foammat dryers

Introduction phase distribution equilibrium distribution coefficients contact equilibrium separation. Concentrations mole fraction partial pressure Avogadro's Law Gas/Liquid Equilibria partial vapour pressure Henry's Law solubility of gases in liquids Solid/Liquid Equiibria solubility in liquids solubility/temperature relationship saturated solution supersaturated solution Equilibrium-Concentration Relationships overflow/underflow equilibrium diagram Operating Conditions contact stages mass balances Calculation of Separation in Contact/Equilibrium Processes combining equilibrium and operating relationships deodorizing/steam stripping McCabe/Thiele plot..

Gas Absorption Rate of Gas Absorption Lewis and Whitman Theory Stage-equilibrium Gas Absorption number of contact stages Extraction and Washing Rate of Extraction Stage-equilibrium Extraction equilibrium and operating conditions McCabe Thiele diagram Gas-absorption Equipment Washing Extraction and Washing Equipment extraction battery Crystallization mother liquor Crystallization Equilibrium solubility and saturation nucleation metastable region seed crystals heat of crystallization Rate of Crystal Growth Stage-equilibrium Crystallization Equipment scraped surface heat exchanger evaporative crystallizer Membrane Separations osmotic pressure ultrafiltration reverse osmosis Rate of Flow Through Membranes Van't Hoff equation Diffusion equations Sherwood number Schmidt number Membrane Equipment Distillation Equilibrium relationships boiling temperature/concentration diagram azeotropes Steam Distillation Vacuum Distillation Batch Distillation Equipment

Extraction process, rate of extraction, stage-equilibrium extraction, solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, extraction equipment. Leaching: Principles of continuous leaching, counter-current leaching, leaching equipment.