History of Road Construction, Highway Development in India - Jayakar Committee Recommendations and Realisations, Twenty-year Road Development Plans, Institutions for Highway Development at National level - Indian Roads Congress, Highway Research Board, National Highway Authority of India, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORTH) and Central Road Research Institute. Requirements of Ideal Alignment, Factors Controlling Highway Alignment - Classification and Cross Section of Urban and Rural Roads (IRC), Highway Cross Sectional Elements – Right of Way, Carriage Way, Camber, Kerbs, Shoulders and Footpaths [IRC Standards], Cross sections of different Class of Roads

Design of horizontal alignment Sight distance – PIEV theory – Problems in S.S.D.-Super elevation – Theory & Problems -Highway widening on horizontal curves – Theory & Problems.-Transition curves -Theory & Problems. Design of Vertical Alignment: Terrain classification - Categories of Gradient – Grade compensation – Types of vertical curves - Theory and problems.– Lateral and vertical clearance at underpasses

Rigid and Flexible Pavements- Components and their Functions -Design Principles of Flexible and Rigid Pavements, Factors affecting the Design of Pavements - ESWL, Climate, Sub-grade Soil and Traffic - Design Practice for Flexible Pavements [IRC Method and Recommendations- Problems] - Design Practice for Rigid Pavements – IRC Recommendations - concepts only

Comparison of Highway & Railway transportation-Railway track (permanent way)Cross-sections of railway tracks – Coning of wheels-Gauges: Classification, Selection &Uniformity -Rails: Functions, Types of rail sections, Length of rails, Rail Joints, Welding of rails & Creep of rails.-Sleepers:Functions, Requirements, Classification & Sleeper density.-Ballast: Functions, Requirements, Types & Quantity of ballast

Factors in selection of Good Alignment – Gradients – Grade compensation – Speed of trains -Necessity of Points and Crossings – Turnouts. -Railway Stations: Requirements, Classifications.-Station Yards: Types - Signaling: Objects, Engineering principles and Types.- Control Systems: Control of train movement – Track Circuiting - Interlocking of signals and points: Necessity and Methods. Railway stations and yards and passenger amenities- Urban rail – Infrastructure for Metro, Mono and underground railways