ISingle crystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous materials – single crystals: unit cell, crystal systems, Bravais lattices, directions and planes in a crystal, Miller indices – inter-planar distances - coordination number and packing factor for SC, BCC, FCC, HCP and diamond structures.

Intrinsic Semiconductors – Energy band diagram – direct and indirect bandgap semiconductors – Carrier concentration in intrinsic semiconductors – extrinsic semiconductors - Carrier concentration in N-type & P-type semiconductors- Photodetectors(PIN & Avalanche)- Solar cell-V-I characteristics. UNIT

Introduction-properties-cavitation-production of ultrasonic waves-Magnetostricition generator-Piezo-electric oscillator-Detection of ultrasonic waves-Acoustic grating-applications of ultrasonic waves- Non-destructive testing methods using ultrasonics-SONAR- Medical applications-sonogram

Spontaneous and stimulated emission- Population inversion -Einstein’s A and B coefficients -derivation. Types of lasers – Nd:YAG, CO2, Semiconductor lasers -applications. Principle and propagation of light in optical fibres – Numerical aperture and Acceptance angle - Types of optical fibres (material, refractive index, mode) – Losses in optical fibre- attenuation, dispersion, bending - Fibre Optical Communication system.

Introduction - electron density in bulk material – Size dependence of Fermi energy– quantum confinement – quantum structures - Density of states in quantum well, quantum wire and quantum dot structures – Top-down process: Ball milling method- Bottom –up process: Physical vapour deposition method( Thermal evaporation)-Carbon Nanotubes- Preparation by pulsed laser deposition method, properties and applications