Introduction: Networks – Protocols and standards – Standards organizations – Line configurations – Topology – Transmission mode – Categories of networks – Inter networks.OSI model: Functions of the layers. Encoding and modulating: Digital-to-digital conversion – Analog-to-digital conversion – Digital-to-analog conversion –Analog-to-analog conversion. Transmission media: Guided media – Unguided media – Transmission impairment – Performance.

Error detection and correction: Types of errors – Detection – Vertical Redundancy Check (VRC) – Longitudinal Redundancy Check (LRC) – Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) –Check sum – Error correction. Data link control: Line discipline – Flow control – Error control. HDLC, Project 802 – Ethernet – Token ring – FDDI- SONET – Bridges.

Switching: Circuit switching – Packet switching – Message switching. Internetworks- IP addressing methods – Subnetting –Networking and internetworking devices: Repeaters – Bridges – Gateways – Other devices – Routing algorithms – Distance vector routing – Link state routing.

Duties of transport layer – Multiplexing – Demultiplexing – Sockets – User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – Congestion Control – Quality of services (QOS) – Integrated Services.

Domain Name Space (DNS) – SMTP – FTP – HTTP – WWW-SNMP– Network Security.