Introduction - Principles and basic concepts and uses of surveying - classification and basic methods of surveying- Types of chains, Ranging rod, Ranging - Direct and Indirect methods –Method of Chaining on level and sloping ground - Obstacles in chaining. Lab Experiments: 1. Linear measurement and offset setting 2. Use of Dumpy of level - limitation - handling – shifting- Simple levelling - temporary adjustments

Introduction – Principles of chain surveying - selection of survey stations and lines - Offsets - types, Measurement - cross staff and optical square - Steps involved in Chain Survey - Reconnaissance, Index sketch, Reference sketch, Booking entries in field book - Plan and Map, Scale - Plain and Diagonal - Testing of Chain, Degree of accuracy in chaining, Errors and compensation - cumulative, mistakes - Determination of limiting length of offset and problems. Lab Experiments: 1. Chain traversing of cropped area and error correction. 2. Contouring – Direct / Grid method-Plotting of contour - preparation of map - Computation of volume

Introduction – Formulae for calculation of cross sectional area – calculation of volume - Area computation, Mid-Ordinate rule, Average ordinate rule, Trapezoidal rules, Simpson rule and Coordinate method of finding area-Computation of volume. Lab Experiments: 1. Area computation by plane table survey - radiation method 2. Computation of Area from field notes and plot plan

Basic terminologies of Compass traversing – Prismatic and Surveyors Compass - Checking the accuracy of traverse - Errors and mistakes in Compass survey - Plane tabling - instruments and accessories - Radiation, Traversing, Orientation - Intersection and Resection. Lab Experiments: 1. Closed compass traversing, Plotting and correction of closing error 2. Open compass traversing-Problems on Compass traversing

Levelling - definition - Benchmarks - different types of levels - Basic principles of leveling - Theory of simple, compound, cross sectional and reciprocal levelling -Contouring - definition - contour characteristics - direct and indirect methods -gradient contour - uses – Minor instruments, Hand level - Clinometer - Abney level– Theodolite types – adjustments – setting up – reading angles – measurements – Area and elevation determination. Data station-working principle-applications Lab Experiments: 1. Traversing with a Theodolite - Plotting theodolite survey 2. Area and elevation determination using Theodolite.