Farm mechanization–Objectives. Tillage-Objectives-Methods–Primary tillage implements- Secondary tillage implements -Animal drawn ploughs -Construction. Types of farm implements –Trailed, mounted. Scope and benefits of farm mechanization- Constraints. Different ploughing methods. Mould board plough- Attachments–Mould board Shapes and types. Disc plough Force representation on disc–Types of disc ploughs–Sub soiler plough-Rotary plough–Spading machine- Coir pith applicators.

Cultivators- types-construction. Disc harrows-Bund former- ridger– Leveller. Basin lister- implements for wetland preparation. Hitch systems and hitching of tillage implements- virtual and real hitching for single point, single axis and double hitch - Mechanics of animal traction- functional requirements, principles of working. Weeding and Interculture equipment- Junior hoe - Guntaka - Blade harrow - Dry land weeders - tractor mounted and engine operated sweeps. Engine operated and Rotary weeders for upland and low land - selection, constructional features and adjustments. - Calculation of performance parameters -field capacity, efficiency, application rate and losses- performance requirements- cost analysis of implements and tractors.

Soil tillage- Forces analysis of tillage tools and their measurement- Design considerations of tillage implements -Type of Mould board plough and its functions- Theoretical furrow slice inversion- Design of mould board plough bottom- Standard dimensions of plough share and land side. Introduction of disk implements and their design consideration-Design of disk for different tools, spacing in multi disk implements, forces acting on vertical and inclined disk- Cultivators and their application- Design of different soil engaging tools such as shovel and sweep- Design of shank- overload safety devices used in farm machinery-design of safety devices.

Crop planting -Methods -Row crop planting systems -Devices for metering seeds–furrow openers– Furrow closers-types–Types of seed drills and planters. Design considerations of seed and fertilizer box and frame- Design of seed metering mechanism -Drill calibration - Application of fertilisers - Metering devices – Seed cum fertiliser drill – application of liquid fertilisers. Paddy and potato planters and sugar cane planter

Sprayers – Classifications - Parts and accessories - Atomizers - Agitators - Determination of particle size and distribution. Number Median Diameter (NMD) and Volume Median Diameter (VMD). Sprayer operation – Boom sprayer - Precaution - Coverage - Factors affecting drift. Rotating disc sprayers – Controlled Droplet Application (CDA) - Electrostatic sprayers - Arial spraying. Dusters - types - Mist blower cum duster - Other plant protection devices, care and maintenance.