Measurement System– Instrumentation–Classification and Characteristics of Transducers–Static and Dynamic– Errors in Measurements. Strain Gauge: Bounded & Unbounded strain gauge, strain gauge as displacement- pressure transducers -Capacitive transducer - Inductive transducer –LVDT – RTD – Thermistor – Thermocouple – Phototube - scintillation counter -Photo Multiplier Tube (PMT) –Piezoelectric transducer as pressure transducer-biomedical applications of all the transducers.

Digital voltmeter - Multi meter– CRO - block diagram, CRT– DSO - LCD monitor -PMMC writing systems -servo recorders –photographic recorder - magnetic tape recorder - Inkjet recorder.

Origin of biopotential and its propagation, Nernst equation, Goldman equation- Hodgkin-Huxley model – Electrode – electrolyte interface, electrode–skin interface, half cell potential, polarization effects of electrode – non polarizable electrodes. Types of electrodes: surface, needle and microelectrodes. Transcutaneous electrodes, ion sensitive field effect transistors.

Temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate measurements –Blood Pressure: indirect methods - auscultatory method, oscillometric method, direct methods: electronic manometer, Pressure amplifiers -systolic, diastolic, mean detector circuit –Blood flow and cardiac output measurement: Indicator dilution, thermal dilution and dye dilution method - Electromagnetic and ultrasound blood flow measurement.

Biochemical sensors-pH, pO2 and pCO2 -Blood glucose sensors-Blood gas analyzers –colorimeter – flame photometer – spectrophotometer -blood cell counter.