• 1. Introduction • 2. Effect of therapeutic exercise • 3. Types of skeletal muscle fibers (Type I & Type II) • 4. Classification of muscle-Based on arrangement of fascicule: Parallel - Strap, fusiform, rhomboidal, triangular; Oblique - Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate; Circular • 5. Types of muscular contraction: Isotonic, Isometric, Concentric, Eccentric • 6. Group muscle action: Agonist, Antagonist, Neutralizer, Stabilizer or Fixator • 7. Range of muscle work: Full range, Inner range, Middle range, Outer range • APPLIED BIOMECHANICS • 1. Anatomical movement: Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Medial rotation, Lateral rotation, Circumduction, Inversion, Eversion, Dorsi flexion, Plantar flexion, Protraction, Retraction, Supination, Pronation, Elevation, Depression • 2. Range of motion (ROM)-Definition, Types-Active Rom, Passive Rom • 3. Kinematic chain-Types-Open and Closed chain, Examples • 4. Active and Passive insufficiency-Definition, Examples • 5. Type of motion-Angulatory or Rotatory, Translation or Linear, Curvilinear • 6. Force-Composition, Parallelogram of force • 7. Gravity-Centre of gravity, Line of gravity • 8. Equilibrium-Stable, Unstable, Neutral • 9. Pulley-Fixed and Movable • 10. Springs-Series and Parallel • 11. Levers-I st order, II nd order, III rd order, Examples, Application in PT • 12. Axis-Sagittal, Frontal, Transverse, Vertical • 13. Planes-Sagittal, Frontal, Horizontal • 14. Newton laws of motion • 15. Definition of speed, Velocity, Work, Energy, Power, Acceleration, Momentum • 16. Friction, Inertia • 17. Normal pelvic tilt, anterior pelvic tilt, posterior pelvic tilt, Lateral tilt, muscles Responsible for alternation and corrective measures

• Chapter B: Starting Position and Derived Position • 1. Starting position: Definition, Purpose, Positions-Standing, Sitting, Lying, Kneeling, Hanging • 2. Derived position: Definition, Purpose, Positions-Standing (High standing, Walk standing, Stride standing, Step standing, Toe standing, half standing, Cross standing); Sitting (Crook sitting, Long sitting, Stoop sitting, Squatting, Side sitting); Lying (Prone lying, half lying, Crook lying, side lying); Kneeling (Half kneeling, kneel sitting, prone kneeling, inclined prone kneel); Hanging (Half hanging) • Chapter C: Active and Passive Movement • 1. Introduction • 2. Classification of movement-Active & Passive • 3. Active movement-Definition, Indication, Effect, Types- Free, Active assisted, assisted resisted, resisted • 4. Passive movement-Definition, Types- Relaxed passive movement-upper & lower extremity, Passive manual mobilization-mobilization of joint, Manipulation of joint, Stretching of soft tissues • Chapter D: Relaxation • 1. Introduction • 2. Indication • 3. Relaxation techniques-Local, General, Others • 4. Local relaxation: Therapist massage, Passive movement, Muscle energy techniques, Hold relax, Contract relax • 5. General relaxation: Contrast method, Reciprocal inhibition • 6. Other relaxation: Mental imagery, Autogenic training, Yoga & Meditation, Music therapy, Creational activities, Social modality

• Chapter E: Mat Activities & Functional Re-education • 1. Introduction • 2. Demonstrate common mat activities: Rolling, Prone on elbows, Prone on hands, Hook lying, Bridging, Quadruped position, Long sitting, Short sitting, Kneeling, Half kneeling, Standing, Walking • Chapter F: Hydrotherapy • 1. Introduction • 2. Definition • 3. Principle: Buoyancy, Hydrostatic pressure, Hydrodynamic pressure, Turbulence • 4. Indication & Contraindication • 5. Physiological & Therapeutic effects • 6. Advantages • 7. Types of hydrotherapy: Hubbard tank, Hydrotherapy pool, Foot bath, Body wraps, Contrast bath • 8. Exercises in hydrotherapy • Chapter G: Posture • 1. Definition • 2. Postural control • 3. Standard posture • 4. Types of posture-Standing & Dynamic • 5. Faulty or Abnormal postures: Excessive lordosis, Kyphotic lordosis, Sway back, Flat back, Flat neck, Scoliosis, Forward head • Assessment of posture

• Chapter H: Gait, Human Locomotion, Walking Aids/Crutch Walking • 1. Introduction • 2. Definition • 3. Gait cycle • 4. Phases of gait • 5. Muscular activity during stance & swing phase • 6. Characteristic of normal gait: Vertical displacement of COG (Pelvic tilt), Lateral pelvic tilt, Horizontal dip of Pelvis, Pelvic forward and backward rotation, Knee flexion, Double limb support, Single limb support, cadence, step length, stride length, step duration, stride duration, Base width, Degree of toe out or foot angle • 7. Pathological gait: Trendelenburg gait, Circumductory gait, Hip hiking gait, Foot drop gait, Calcaneal gait, Flexed knee gait, Scissoring gait, Parkinson gait, Antalgic gait, Wide base gait, Lordotic gait, Anterior trunk bending, Posterior trunk bending • WALKING AIDS • 1. Definition • 2. Indication • 3. Types of walking aids: Crutches, Canes, Walkers, Wheel chair • 4. Crutches: Types (Axillary, Elbow or Forearm, Gutter); Measurement for crutches (Axillary & Elbow); Parts of crutch; Muscles and preparatory exercise; Gait pattern (Four point gait, two point gait, three point gait, PWB, NWB, Swing to & Swing through, stair climbing) • 5. Canes: Purpose, Types of cane (Standard cane, Standard adjustable canes, Tripod, Quadripod); Gait pattern (Three point gait, two point gait) • 6. Walkers: Purpose, Parts, Types (Rigid walking frame, Foldable walker, Rollator, Reciprocal walker, Gutter Walker) • 7. Wheel Chair: Introduction, Purpose, Parts of wheel chair (Wheels, tyres, wheel locks, casters, hand rim, foot rest, tilt bar, seat and back rest), Measurement (Seat width, Seat height, Seat depth, Back rest height, Arm rest height), Types of wheel chair (Rigid, Foldable, One arm driven wheel chair, Powered wheel chair)

• Chapter I: Muscle Grading/Manual Muscle Testing • 1. Introduction • 2. Principles • 3. Uses • 4. Precaution & Contraindication • Types of muscle grading: Available ROM method, Make or Break test, Active resistance test • Grading system: Medical Research Council (MRC), Plus & Minus grade, Daniels & Worthingham, Kendall & Kendall • Demonstrate the skill to grade: Upper limb muscle, Lower limb muscle, Trunk muscle • Chapter J: Muscle Strengthening/Re-education of Muscles • 1. Definition • 2. Demonstrate various reeducation techniques on different group of muscles of Upper extremity, lower extremity, trunk • 3. Demonstrate the progressive exercise in strengthening using various methods (According to muscle power-Grade I to Grade V) • Chapter K: Resisted Exercise • 1. Definition • 2. Types of resisted exercise-Manual & Mechanical • 3. Manual-Definition, principle, technique by therapist & patient • 4. Mechanical-Definition, principle, technique by weights, pulleys, spring • 5. Uses of resisted exercise • 6. Progressive resisted exercise: Definition, Repetition maximum (RM) method, Delorme & Watkins, Mac queen, Zinovieff (oxford technique) • Chapter L: Joint Mobilization • 1. Introduction • 2. Definition • 3. Joint range-Outer range, Middle range, Inner range • 4. Causes of joint range limitation • 5. Effect of prolonged immobilization • 6. Indication & Contraindication • 7. Principle: Position of patient, Position of therapist, Relaxation, Fixation, Support or Stabilization, Direction of movement, Force & Range / Distraction or Traction, Intensity & Duration • 8. Methods of peripheral joint mobilization: Muscle relaxation techniques, Free exercise, Hold relax, Contract relax, Muscle stretching techniques, Forced passive movement, Passive stretching / self stretching, Mechanical stretching, Oscillatory technique, Sustained translatory joint play techniques