1. Definition of mechanics and Biomechanics 2. Force - Definition, diagrammatic representation, classification of forces, concurrent, coplanar and co-linear forces, composition and resolution of forces, angle of pulls of muscle 3. Gravity - Definition, line of gravity, Centre of gravity 4. Equilibrium - Supporting base, types, and equilibrium in static and dynamic state 5. Pulleys - system of pulleys, types and application 6. Springs - properties of springs, springs in series and parallel, elastic materials in use

7. Levers - Definition, function, classification and application of levers in physiotherapy  order of levers with example of lever in human body 8. Speed, Velocity, Work, Energy, Power, Acceleration, Momentum - principles, and practical application 9. Newton's Laws10. Friction 11. Elasticity - Definition, stress, strain, HOOKE’S Law

1. DC Currents -Modern concept of electricity: fundamental electric charges (proton and electron), bound and free electrons, free electrons and current, static electric charge, charging of an object potential and capacitance, potential difference and EMF 28 2. A. C. currents: Sinusoidal wave from, frequency, wavelength, Amplitude and phase of a sine wave, Average & RMS value of a sine wave 3. Quantity of electricity, magnitude of current, conductors and insulators, resistance of conductor and Ohm’s law, resistances in series and parallel 4. Capacitors: Electric field around a capacitor, charging and discharging a capacitor, types of capacitor with application of each in Physiotherapy department 5. Rheostat: series and shunt Rheostat with application of each in the Physiotherapy department 6. Effects of electric Current: Thermal effect, chemical effect (ionization) and magnetic effect. Electric shock, Earth shock, causes and its prevention

7. Magnetism: Magnetic - non-magnetic substances and their properties, properties of magnet, molecular theory, poles of magnet and its properties, magnetic lines of force and their properties, Electromagnetism, magnetic effects of electric current, Electromagnetic induction, Lenz’s law, Inductor and Inductance types of inductor, reactance and impedance. 8. Condenser – Potential & capacity, Principles, factors determining capacity, construction. Electric field, charging & discharging and use of condenser in electrotherapy. 9. Cosine law and its implications. 10. Physical effects of heat and radiation. Laws governing radiation. 11. Law of Grotthus and its implications.

Section – B 1. Thermionic Valves: Thermionic emission, Diode and Triode valves and their characteristics, Construction and application of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 2. Semiconductor Devices: Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, Light Emitting Diodes, integrated circuits 3. Electronic Circuits: Rectifiers & smoothing circuits, Oscillators - Sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal types 4. A.C. AND D.C. meters: Functions and applications of Ammeter and volt meters, Ohmmeters, Wheat stone bridge 5. Introduction to Therapeutic Energies – Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical, Electromagnetic and magnetic - Definition, description, physiological effects, pathological effects and dangers 29 6. Medical Instrumentation For Physical Therapy: Brief description of generation, circuit diagrams and testing 7. Low frequency currents, Direct currents, Medium frequency currents