anatomy and physiology

Draw and label the trachea and bronchial tree with subdivisions. Write a detailed note on bronchopulmonary segments and their clinical importance. Explain the structure and function of a respiratory unit. Describe the muscles of respiration with their role in quiet and forced breathing. Explain lung and chest wall compliance with examples. Write a note on ventilation–perfusion ratio (V/Q ratio) and its abnormalities. Differentiate between anatomical dead space and physiological dead space. Explain the pulmonary defence mechanisms. Describe the mechanics of breathing. Write the surface anatomy of lungs and heart. Differentiate between lung volumes and lung capacities with diagrams. Write short notes on coronary and pulmonary circulation. Explain the conductive system of the heart with diagram. Write a note on cardiac cycle with phases.

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physio assesment

Write in detail about evaluation and functional physiotherapy assessment with reasoning for treatment selection. Describe subjective assessment in detail with emphasis on chief complaints and history. Explain functional assessment of ADLs in cardiopulmonary patients. Write about objective assessment in cardiothoracic conditions. Write short notes on: Chronic bronchitis Emphysema Bronchiectasis Bronchial asthma Lung abscess Pneumonia Write short notes on restrictive lung diseases.

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pt treatment

Write the definition, indications, contraindications, physiological effects, types, steps, precautions and complications of: Breathing exercises (DBE, costal, segmental, apical) Breathing control & re-education Relaxation positions for breathlessness Forced expiratory technique Thoracic expansion exercise Chest mobility exercise Active cycle of breathing Positive expiratory pressure Manual hyperinflation Incentive spirometry Postural drainage (modified & home) Write notes on cough mechanism – stages, types, teaching voluntary cough. Write notes on huff technique – low, mid, high lung volume.

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rehabilitation

Define and explain Pulmonary Rehabilitation – indications, steps, contraindications, outcomes. Write notes on patient education in pulmonary rehabilitation. Define and explain Cardiac Rehabilitation – indications, phases, contraindications, benefits. Write notes on patient education in cardiac rehabilitation.

143

physiotherapy

Write notes on pre-operative and post-operative physiotherapy management for: Abdominal surgeries (appendicectomy, gastrectomy, hysterectomy, herniorrhaphy, colostomy, cholecystectomy, mastectomy). Define ICU and describe its indications, types, equipment used in adult and pediatric ICU. Write notes on principles of physiotherapy for ICU patients including chest physiotherapy. Explain physiotherapy management of ventilator dependent patients: Definition, types, principles, indications, assessment, management. Write notes on physiotherapy in peripheral vascular diseases (PVD) – Definition and physiology Conditions of PVD Evaluation (arterial, venous, lymphatic, Doppler) Treatment (Buerger’s exercise, cold laser, electrical stimulation, intermittent compression).