• Cell physiology • body fluid compartments with distribution of total body fluid in intracellular and extracellular spaces • major electrolytes and maintenance of homeostasis • cell cycle • tissue formation and repair • functions of membranes and glands • Musculoskeletal System • functions of bones • movements of axial and appendicular skeleton • bone healing • joints and joint movements with alterations in joint disease • properties and functions of skeletal muscles • mechanism of muscle contraction • structure along with properties of cardiac and smooth muscles • emphasizing their role in nursing practice

•The Respiratory System • functions of respiratory organs • pulmonary circulation and its functional features • pulmonary ventilation • exchange of gases • respiratory changes during exercise • Circulatory and Lymphatic System • functions of the heart • conduction system • cardiac cycle • blood pressure • pulse • pulmonary and systemic circulation • cardiovascular homeostasis in exercise and posture. Blood comprises • functions • physical characteristics • formation of blood cells • platelet plug • coagulation factors • intrinsic and extrinsic pathways • blood groups and types • reticuloendothelial system functions • immunity • integral to nursing applications

•The Digestive System • functions of organs in the digestive tract • saliva composition with regulation of secretion and functions • composition of pancreatic juice with function and regulation of pancreatic secretion • functions of liver • gall bladder and pancreas • composition of bile and its function • secretion and function of small and large intestine • movements of the alimentary tract • stomach • small intestine and large intestine • absorption of food • all with implications in nursing. •The Renal System • functions of the kidney in maintaining homeostasis • glomerular filtration rate (GFR) • functions of ureters • bladder and urethra • implication in nursing care.

• The Endocrine System addresses • functions and hormones of the pineal gland • pituitary gland • thyroid • parathyroid • thymus • pancreas and adrenal glands • other hormones • alterations in disease • essential for nursing understanding. The Sensory Organs cover • functions of the skin • vision • hearing • taste and smell • errors of refraction • aging changes • their application and implications in nursing assessment and interventions.

•The Reproductive System • female reproductive system with menstrual cycle • function and hormones of ovary • fertilization • implantation and functions of breast • male reproductive system • hormones and functions • The Nervous System • structure and functions of neurons • functions of brain regions • sensory and motor nervous system • peripheral nervous system • autonomic nervous system • thalamus and hypothalamus • functions of cranial nerves • autonomic functions • physiology of pain • reflexes • CSF formation • composition • circulation • blood brain barrier and • all with application and implication in nursing.