UNIT- 1 : Health Assessment & The Nursing Process & Nutritional Needs HEALTH ASSESSMENT: Interview techniques • Observation techniques • Purposes of health assessment • Process of Health assessment • Health history • Physical examination: • Methods: Inspection, Palpation, Percussion, Auscultation, Olfaction • Preparation for examination: patient and unit • General assessment: Assessment of each body system • Documenting health assessment findings AND THE NURSING PROCESS: • Critical Thinking Competencies, Attitudes for Critical Thinking, Levels of critical thinking in Nursing • Nursing Process Overview Assessment • Collection of Data: Types, Sources, Methods • Organizing Data • Validating Data • Documenting Data Nursing Diagnosis • Identification of client problems, risks and strengths • Nursing diagnosis statement parts, Types, Formulating, • Guidelines for formulating Nursing Diagnosis • NANDA approved diagnoses • Difference between medical and nursing diagnosis Planning • Types of planning • Establishing Priorities • Establishing Goals and Expected • Outcomes Purposes, types, guidelines, Components of goals and outcome statements • Types of Nursing Interventions, • Selecting interventions: Protocols and Standing Orders • Introduction to Nursing • Intervention Classification and Nursing Outcome Classification • Guidelines for writing care plan Implementation • Process of Implementing the plan of care • Types of care Direct and Indirect • Evaluation • Evaluation Process,Documentation and Reporting AND NUTRITIONAL NEEDS Nutritional needs • Importance • Factors affecting nutritional needs • Assessment of nutritional status • Review: special diets Solid, Liquid, Soft • Review on therapeutic diets • Care of patient with Dysphagia, Anorexia, Nausea, Vomiting • Meeting Nutritional needs: Principles, equipment, procedure, indications • Oral Enteral: Nasogastric/ Orogastric • Introduction to other enteral feeds types, indications, Gastrostomy, Jejunostomy • Parenteral TPN (Total Parenteral Nutrition)

HYGIENE: • Factors Influencing Hygienic Practice • Hygienic care: Indications and purposes, effects of neglected care • Care of the Skin (Bath, feet and nail, Hair Care) • Care of pressure points • Assessment of Pressure Ulcers using Braden Scale and Norton Scale • Pressure ulcers causes, stages and manifestations, care and prevention • Perineal care/Meatal care • Oral care, Care of Eyes, Ears and Nose including assistive devices (eye glasses, contact lens, dentures, hearing aid) AND ELIMINATION NEEDS: • Urinary Elimination • Review of Physiology of Urine Elimination, Composition and characteristics of urine • Factors Influencing Urination • Alteration in Urinary Elimination • Facilitating urine elimination: assessment, types, equipment, procedures and special considerations • Providing urinal/bed pan • Care of patients with Condom drainage, Intermittent Catheterization ,Indwelling Urinary catheter and urinary drainage, Urinary diversions, Bladder irrigation. • Bowel Elimination • Review of Physiology of Bowel Elimination, Composition and characteristics of feces • Factors affecting Bowel elimination • Alteration in Bowel Elimination • Facilitating bowel elimination: Assessment, equipment, procedures- Enemas, Suppository, Bowel wash, Digital Evacuation of impacted feces • Care of patients with Ostomies (Bowel Diversion Procedures) AND DIAGNOSTIC TESTING • Phases of diagnostic testing (pre-test, intra-test & post-test) in Common investigations and clinical implications • Complete Blood Count • Serum Electrolytes • LFT • Lipid/Lipoprotein profile • Serum Glucose AC, PC, • HbA1c • Monitoring Capillary Blood • Glucose (Glucometer Random Blood Sugar GRBS) • Stool Routine Examination • Urine Testing Albumin, Acetone, pH, Specific Gravity • Urine Culture, Routine, Timed Urine Specimen • Sputum culture • Overview of Radiologic & Endoscopic Procedures

Oxygenation needs • Review of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology • Factors affecting respiratory functioning • Alterations in Respiratory Functioning • Conditions affecting: • Airway • Movement of air • Diffusion • Oxygen transport • Alterations in oxygenation • Nursing interventions to promote oxygenation: assessment, types, equipment used & procedure • Maintenance of patent airway • Oxygen administration • Suctioning oral, tracheal • Chest physiotherapy Percussion, Vibration & Postural drainage • Care of Chest drainage principles & purposes • Pulse Oximetry Factors affecting measurement of oxygen saturation using pulse oximeter, Interpretation, Restorative & continuing care • Hydration • Humidification • Coughing techniques • Breathing exercises • Incentive spirometry AND Review of Physiological Regulation of Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balances • Factors Affecting Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balances Disturbances in fluid volume: • Deficit -Hypovolemia, Dehydration • Excess- Fluid overload, Edema • Electrolyte imbalances (hypo and hyper) • Acid-base imbalances • Metabolic acidosis & alkalosis • Respiratory acidosis & alkalosis • Intravenous therapy • Peripheral venipuncture sites • Types of IV fluids • Calculation for making IV fluid plan • Complications of IV fluid therapy Measuring fluid intake and output • Administering Blood and Blood components • Restricting fluid intake • Enhancing Fluid intake

ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICATION Administration of Medications • Introduction Definition of Medication, Administration of Medication, Drug Nomenclature, Effects of Drugs, Forms of Medications, Purposes, Pharmacodynamics and • Pharmacokinetics • Factors influencing Medication Action • Medication orders and Prescriptions • Systems of measurement • Medication dose calculation • Principles, 10 rights of Medication Administration • Errors in Medication administration • Routes of administration • Storage and maintenance of drugs and Nurses responsibility • Terminologies and abbreviations used in prescriptions and medications orders • Developmental considerations Oral, Sublingual and Buccal routes: • Equipment, procedure • Introduction to Parenteral: Administration of Drugs • Intramuscular, Intravenous, Subcutaneous, Intradermal: Location of site, Advantages and disadvantages of the specific sites, Indication and contraindications for the different routes • and sites. • Equipment Syringes & needles, cannulas, Infusion sets parts, types, sizes • Types of vials and ampoules, • Preparing Injectable medicines from vials and ampoules • Care of equipment: decontamination, and disposal of syringes, needles, infusion sets • Prevention of Needle-Stick Injuries • Topical Administration: Types, purposes, site, equipment, procedure • Application to skin & mucous membrane • Direct application of liquids, Gargle and swabbing the throat • Insertion of Drug into body cavity: Suppository/ medicated packing in rectum/vagina • Instillations: Ear, Eye, Nasal, Bladder, and Rectal • Irrigations: Eye, Ear, Bladder, Vaginal and Rectal • Spraying: Nose and throat Inhalation: Nasal, oral, endotracheal/tracheal (steam, oxygen and medications) purposes, types, equipment, procedure, recording and reporting of medications administered • Other Parenteral Routes: Meaning of epidural, intrathecal, intraosseous, intraperitoneal, intra-pleural, intraarterial AND Sensory needs • Introduction Components of sensory experience Reception, Perception & Reaction • Arousal Mechanism • Factors affecting sensory function • Assessment of Sensory alterations sensory deficit, deprivation, overload & sensory poverty • Management: Promoting meaningful communication (patients with Aphasia, artificial airway & Visual and Hearing impairment) Care of Unconscious Patients • Unconsciousness: Definition, causes & risk factors, pathophysiology, stages of Unconsciousness, Clinical Manifestations, Assessment and nursing management of patient with unconsciousness, complications

CARE OF TERMINALLY ILL, DEATH AND DYING • Loss Types Grief, Bereavement & Mourning • Types of Grief responses • Manifestations of Grief • Factors influencing Loss & Grief Responses • Theories of Grief & Loss Kubler Ross • 5 Stages of Dying The R-Process model (Rando) • Death Definition, Meaning, Types (Brain & Circulatory Deaths) • Signs of Impending Death • Dying Patient’s Bill of Rights • Care of Dying Patient • Physiological changes occurring after Death • Death Declaration, Certification Autopsy • Embalming • Last office/Death Care • Counselling & supporting grieving relatives • Placing body in the Mortuary • Releasing body from Mortuary • Overview Medico-legal Cases, • Advance directives, DNI/DNR, Organ Donation, Euthanasia AND PSYCHOSOCIAL NEEDS (A-D) Self-concept • Introduction • Components (Personal Identity, Body Image, Role Performance, Self Esteem) • Factors affecting Self Concept • Nursing Management Sexuality • Sexual development throughout life • Sexual health • Sexual orientation • Factors affecting sexuality • Prevention of STIs, unwanted pregnancy, avoiding sexual harassment • and abuse • Dealing with inappropriate sexual Behaviour Stress and Adaptation • Introductory concepts • Introduction • Sources, Effects, Indicators & Types of Stress • Types of stressors • Stress Adaptation General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), Local • Adaptation Syndrome (LAS) • Manifestation of stress Physical & psychological • Coping strategies/ Mechanisms • Stress Management • Assist with coping and adaptation • Creating therapeutic environment • Recreational and diversion therapies Concepts of Cultural Diversity and • Spirituality • Cultural diversity • Cultural Concepts Culture, Subculture, Multicultural, Diversity, Race, Acculturation, Assimilation • Transcultural Nursing • Cultural Competence • Providing Culturally Responsive Care Spirituality • Concepts Faith, Hope, Religion, Spirituality, Spiritual Wellbeing • Factors affecting Spirituality • Spiritual Problems in Acute, Chronic, Terminal illnesses & Near-Death Experience • Dealing with Spiritual Distress/Problems AND Meaning • Definition, • Purposes, • Types of theories with examples, • Overview of selected nursing theories: • Nightingale, • Orem, • Roy • Use of theories in nursing practice