Classifications of mental disorder

cation of Diseases, 11th Revision – WHO, 2022) Mental, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental disorders are grouped as: Neurodevelopmental disorders Intellectual developmental disorder Autism spectrum disorder ADHD, learning disorders, communication disorders Schizophrenia spectrum and other primary psychotic disorders Mood disorders (affective disorders) Depressive disorders Bipolar and related disorders Anxiety and fear-related disorders Generalized anxiety disorder Panic disorder, phobias Obsessive–compulsive and related disorders Disorders specifically associated with stress PTSD Adjustment disorders Dissociative disorders Feeding and eating disorders Elimination disorders Enuresis, encopresis Disorders of bodily distress or bodily experience Impulse control disorders Disorders due to substance use or addictive behaviors Personality disorders Paraphilic disorders Factitious disorders Neurocognitive disorders Dementia, delirium Other mental, behavioral, or neurodevelopmental disorders 2. DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision – APA, 2022) The DSM-5-TR has a similar but slightly different arrangement: Neurodevelopmental disorders Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders Bipolar and related disorders Depressive disorders Anxiety disorders Obsessive–compulsive and related disorders Trauma- and stressor-related disorders Dissociative disorders Somatic symptom and related disorders Feeding and eating disorders Elimination disorders Sleep-wake disorders Sexual dysfunctions Gender dysphoria Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders Substance-related and addictive disorders Neurocognitive disorders Personality disorders Paraphilic disorders Other mental disorders ✅ Summary: ICD-11 (WHO) is used worldwide, especially in clinical practice and health systems. DSM-5-TR (APA) is mostly used in research and psychiatric settings, especially in the U.S. Both aim to provide a systematic classification for diagnosis, research, and treatment planning.

Psychological therapies

ehavioral Therapies Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Focuses on identifying and changing distorted thoughts and maladaptive behaviors. Effective in depression, anxiety, OCD, phobias. Behavior Therapy Based on learning principles (conditioning). Techniques: systematic desensitization, exposure therapy, token economy. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) Developed by Albert Ellis. Helps patients replace irrational beliefs with rational thinking. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) A type of CBT with focus on mindfulness, emotional regulation, and distress tolerance. Useful in borderline personality disorder, self-harm. 🔹 2. Psychodynamic Therapies Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud) Explores unconscious conflicts, childhood experiences, dream analysis, free association. Psychodynamic Therapy Shorter, more focused than classical psychoanalysis. Helps improve insight into emotional problems. 🔹 3. Humanistic / Existential Therapies Client-Centered Therapy (Carl Rogers) Provides unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness. Focus on self-growth and self-actualization. Gestalt Therapy Focuses on “here and now” awareness, unfinished business, role play. Existential Therapy Deals with issues of meaning, freedom, responsibility, and death. 🔹 4. Interpersonal and Social Therapies Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) Focuses on improving interpersonal relationships and social functioning. Used in depression, grief, role transitions. Family Therapy Involves family members to resolve conflicts, improve communication. Group Therapy Patients with similar issues share experiences, support each other. Marital / Couple Therapy Addresses conflicts in relationships, improves communication. 🔹 5. Other Therapies Supportive Psychotherapy Provides reassurance, advice, ventilation of feelings. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) Combines CBT with meditation/mindfulness practices. Hypnotherapy Uses guided relaxation and concentration to achieve focused attention. Play Therapy (for children) Uses toys and play to help children express emotions. Art / Music / Dance Therapy Creative methods to express and manage emotions. ✅ Summary: CBT & Behavioral therapies → focus on thoughts and behaviors. Psychodynamic → unconscious conflicts. Humanistic → self-growth, personal meaning. Interpersonal/Family → relationships and social support. Other therapies → supportive, mindfulness, creative approaches.