Evolution of electronics in automobiles – emission laws – Euro standards – Equivalent Bharat Standards. Adaptive Lighting System-Charging systems: Working and design of charging circuit diagram – Alternators – Requirements of starting system - Starter motors and starter circuits.

Ignition systems: Ignition fundamentals - Electronic ignition systems - Programmed Ignition – Distribution less ignition - Direct ignition – Spark Plugs. Electronic fuel Control: Basics of combustion – Engine fueling and exhaust emissions – Electronic control of carburetion – Petrol fuel injection – MPFI technology – Diesel fuel injection-DTSI Technology

Working principle and characteristics of Airflow rate, Engine crankshaft angular position, Hall Effect, Throttle angle, temperature, exhaust gas oxygen sensors, Brake Fluid Pressure Sensor, Engine Torque Sensor – study of fuel injector, exhaust gas recirculation actuators, stepper motor actuator, vacuum operated actuator.

Control modes for fuel control-engine control subsystems – ignition control methodologies – different ECU‘s used in the engine management – block diagram of the engine management system. Vehicle networking solutions: CAN standard, FlexRay – Diagnostics systems in modern automobiles-OBD-I and OBD-II system - Basic Study on BS Vehicles

Traction control system – Cruise control system – electronic control of automatic transmission – antilock braking system – electronic suspension system – working of airbag and role of MEMS in airbag systems – centralized door locking system – climate control of cars. Keyless entry – Tyre pressure warning-Noise control – Reverse sensing / parking aid – Car navigation system – Telematics - Global Positioning System - SOS Tracking Device.