Generalized Measurement System – Performance Characteristics: Static and Dynamic Characteristics – Errors in Measurements – statistical Analysis of errors - Calibration and Standards – Generalized Performance of Zero Order, First Order and Second Order Systems – Classifications of Transducers.

Linear and angular displacement: Resistive, capacitive, inductive types and Optics (encoders), proximity sensors. Velocity measurement: tachometers, tacho generators and resolvers. Temperature measurement: Bimetallic, RTD, Thermocouple and Thermistor Non Contact type: Radiation Pyrometer – Optical Pyrometer. Humidity: Capacitive and resistive and hot and wet bulbs. Other sensors: Fire, smoke and metal detectors.

Force measurement: Resistive type strain gauges: Bridge configurations, Temperature compensation, Load cells, Fiber optic strain gauge- Semiconductor strain gauges- Piezo electric transducers. Vacuum Measurement: McLeod Gauge, Thermal Conductivity Gauge – Ionization Gauge. Airflow: Anemometers. Light: UV, IR, Light emitter and detector. Introduction to Acoustics and acoustic sensors: Ultrasonic sensor- Types and working of Microphones and Hydrophones – Sound level meters- Nuclear radiation sensors.

Basic transducer principles Types – source of bioelectric potentials - electrode – electrolyte interface, electrode potential, resting and action potential – electrodes for their measurement, ECG, EEG.

Amplification, Filtering – Level conversion – Linearization - Buffering – Sample and Hold circuit – Quantization – Multiplexer / Demultiplexer – Analog to Digital converter – Digital to Analog converterI/P and P/I converter - Instrumentation Amplifier-V/F and F/V converter- Data Acquisition -Data Logging – Data conversion – Introduction to Digital Transmission system.