Functional Elements of a Measuring Instrument – Static and Dynamic Characteristics –Standards and Calibration – Galvanometers: D’Arsonval and Vibration Galvanometer –Principle, Construction,OperationandComparisonof Moving Coil,MovingIron Meters– ExtensionofRangeandCalibrationofVoltmeterandAmmeter,Digitalvoltmeters

ElectrodynamometertypeWattmeter-LPFwattmeter-Phantomloading-Inductiontype Energymeter-Magneticmeasurements-DeterminationofB-Hcurveandmeasurementofiron loss

DCPotentiometer:Basiccircuit,Standardization-Laboratorytype(Crompton’s)-ACpotentiometer-Drysdale(Polar)type-Gall-Tinsley(Coordinate)type-Limitationsandapplications-InstrumentTransformer: CTand PTconstruction andoperation

Measurementofresistance:DCBridges:Kelvindoublebridge,Wheatstonebridge,Direct deflection method and Megaohm Bridgemethod–Megger Measurementofimpedance:ACBridges:Maxwell’sBridge,Weinbridge,Scheringbridge,Andersonbridge,Digital multimeter

Magnetic disk and tape - Recorders, digital plotters and printers, CRT display, DSO, LED,LCD and dot matrix display – case study using design thinking - Data Logger and FunctionGenerators.