8086 Architecture – Signal descriptions of 8086 – Register Organization, Memory Segmentation, Programming Model, Memory addresses, Physical Memory Organization –interrupts of 8086 – Instruction Set and Assembly Language Programming of 8086: Instruction formats, Addressing modes, Instruction Set, Assembler Directives, Macros

PIC16F877 Architecture – Program and Data memory organization – Special Function Registers – Addressing modes, Instruction set. MPLAB Integrated Development Environment – Introduction to Assembly language and Embedded C programming – Stack – Subroutines – Interrupt structure – Peripherals – Input/output Ports

Timers/Counters – Watchdog Timer – Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) – Analog to Digital Converter(ADC) – Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) – Flash and EEPROM memories – Serial Communication – USART – Development of Application Programs and interfacing – LED, LCD, Keyboard, Stepper motor interface and Sensor Interfacing

ARM Architecture: ARM Processor fundamentals, ARM Architecture – Register, CPSR, Pipeline, exceptions and interrupts interrupt vector table, ARM instruction set – Data processing, Branch instructions, load store instructions, Software interrupt instructions, Program status register instructions, loading constants, Conditional execution, Introduction to Thumb instructions

ARM Cortex-M0 – overview - Programmer’s Model - Memory System Overview – System Control Block - Microcontroller Start sequence - Inputs and Outputs - Development Flow