Mixture requirements – Fuel injection systems – Monopoint, Multipoint & Direct injection - Stages of combustion – Normal and Abnormal combustion – Knock - Factors affecting knock – Combustion chambers.

Diesel Fuel Injection Systems - Stages of combustion – Knocking – Factors affecting knock – Direct and Indirect injection systems – Combustion chambers – Fuel Spray behaviour – Spray structure and spray penetration – Air motion - Introduction to Turbocharging.

Pollutant – Sources – Formation of Carbon Monoxide, Unburnt hydrocarbon, Oxides of Nitrogen, Smoke and Particulate matter – Methods of controlling Emissions – Catalytic converters, Selective Catalytic Reduction and Particulate Traps – Methods of measurement – Emission norms and Driving cycles.

Alcohol, Hydrogen, Compressed Natural Gas, Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Bio Diesel - Properties, Suitability, Merits and Demerits - Engine Modifications.

Air assisted Combustion, Homogeneous charge compression ignition engines – Variable Geometry turbochargers – Common Rail Direct Injection Systems - Hybrid Electric Vehicles – NOx Adsorbers - Onboard Diagnostics