Introduction to physiology - Cell structure, body fluid compartments, Homeostasis, transport across cell membrane, neuromuscular junction and muscle contraction. Blood - composition and function of blood, erythropoiesis , anaemia ,polycythemia, blood coagulation , plasma proteins, blood groups including Rh. Cardiovascular system - Conduction of heart beat, cardiac cycle, ECG , cardiac output, arterial blood pressure measurement , heart rate.

Respiration – Mechanism, lung volume and capacities, transport of oxygen and carbondioxide, regulation of respiration, artificial respiration. Digestive system – secretions and functions of salivary glands, gastric glands, pancreas, small intestine, absorption, liver function. Excretory system – formation of urine, micturition, normal and abnormal constituents of urine

Endocrine system – Major endocrine glands, hypothalamic- pituitary – target gland axis , regulation. Reproductive system – male and female sex hormones, spermatogenesis, menstrual cycle. Integumentary system - functions of skin

Nervous system – nerve impulse conduction, synapse, receptors, reflex action, ascending and descending tracts, functions of cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, brain stem, sleep and reticular formation. Special senses - olfaction, gestation, hearing and vision – pathways and applied aspect

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