1). Radiation Quantities and UnitsRadiation- Radioactivity- Sources of radiation - natural radioactive sources -cosmicrays-terrestrial radiation - - man made radiation sources. Units of radiation -Quality factor - Flux-Fluence-Kerma-Exposure- Absorbed dose- Equivalent DoseWeighting Factors-Effective Dose - Occupational Exposure Limits -Dose limits to public 2. Biological Efects of radiationIonization, excitation and free radical formation, hydrolysis of water, action of radiation on cell -Chromosomal aberration and its application for the biological dosimetry- Efects of whole body and acute irradiation, dose fractionation, efects of ionizing radiation on each of major organ system including fetus -Somatic efects and hereditary efects- stochastic and deterministic efects-Acute exposure and chronic exposure-LD50 - factors afecting radio-sensitivity. Biological ef

3). Radiation detection and Measurements: Ionization of gases- Fluorescence and Phosphorescence -Efects on photographic emulsion. Ionization Chambers –proportional counters- G.M counters- scintillation detectors – liquid semiconductor detectors – Gamma ray spectrometer. Measuring systems – free air ionization chamber – thimble ion chamber – condenser chamber – Victorian electrometer –secondary standard dosimeters – flm dosimeter – chemical dosimeter-thermoluminescent Dosimeter. -Pocket dosimeter-Radiation survey meter- wide range survey meter -zone monitor-contamination monitor -their principle-function and uses. Advantages & disadvantages of various detectors & its appropriateness of diferent detectors for diferent type of radiation measurement -Calibration of Radiation Monitoring Instruments.

4).Radiation protection:Radiation protection of self and patient- Principles of radiation protection, time -distance and shielding, shielding - calculation and radiation survey –ALARA-personnel dosimeters (TLD and flm batches)-occupational exposure.5)5. Q.A in Diagnostic Radiology Quality assurance (Q.A), acceptance testing and quality control tests in Radiology-Meaning of the terms used and aspects of a QA programme, equipment and staf requirements, benefts of QA procedures in an imaging department –NABH guidelines. Verifcation of Optical & Radiation feld congruence, Beam alignment,Focal spot size, Linearity of tube current mA and Timer, applied potential, HVT and total tube flter, Contact between flm and intensifying screen, contrast resolution,Grid alignment, Special techniques like mammography, CT - CT Dose Modulation-Patient dose management.

6.)Radiation Hazard evaluation and control Philosophy of Radiation protection, efects of time, Distance & Shielding.Calculation of Work load, weekly calculated dose to radiation worker & General public Good work practice in Diagnostic Radiology. Planning consideration for radiology, including Use factor, occupancy factors, and diferent shielding material. 7. Regulatory Bodies & regulatory Requirements: International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) / National Regularity body (AERB - Atomic Energy Regulatory Board) - Responsibilities, organization, Safety Standard, Codes and Guides, Responsibilities of licenses, registrants & employers and Enforcement of Regulatory requirements.

8. Role of Radiographer in Planning, QA & Radiation Protection: Role of technologist in radiology department - Personnel and area monitoring.,Setting up of a new X-Ray unit, staf requirement, AERB specifcations for site planning and mandatory guidelines – Planning of X-ray rooms, dark rooms –Inspection of X-Ray installations - Registration of X-Ray equipment installation-Certifcation -Evaluation of workload versus radiation factors – Occupational exposure and protection Tools/devices.ICRP, NRPB, NCRP and WHO guidelines for radiation protection, pregnancy and radiation protection. Guidance level for patients dose reduction in radio-diagnosis.Dose constrains for comforters of patients. Radiation incidents involving X-Ray equipments, over exposure investigations and case studies.