: Anode & Cathode - Thermionic diode – Xray valves and tubes –principle and practical aspects – semiconductors – triode valves – cathode ray oscilloscopes – X-ray circuits – self rectifying circuits – half wave pulsating voltage circuits – full valve pulsating voltage circuits - measurement of high voltage – control of KV circuit – mA circuit. X-ray beam quality.

-Filament current and voltage, X-Ray circuits -primary circuitauto transformer-switch and timers- principle of automatic exposure control and practical operation - filament circuit -high voltage circuits - half wave & full wave rectification -three phase circuits. Types of generators, 3 phase, 6 and 12 pulse circuits- falling load generators capacitors discharge and grid control systems. X-ray tables-floating top table & variable height table.

Scattered Radiation -Significance of scatter – Beam limiting devices.-Grid principle and structure – Types of Grids - vertical bucky- versatile bucky -Stationary grid, parallel grid, focused grid – crossed grid, moving grid – Potter Bucky Diaphragm- Control of scattered radiation and grids/Bucky -

. Methods of minimizing formation of scatter radiation, types of grids and grid ratio- use of cones – diaphragm/ light beam devices - effectiveness of collimation - limitations of the primary beam/the light beam diaphargm -Effects of scatter radiation on radiograph image quality, patient dose and occupational exposure.

Fluorescence – constituents of intensifying screens – types of screens-intensification factors-speed of screen-screen unsharpness. Cassetteconstruction-types of cassettes- use of fluorescent screen in radiology, effect of screen in reduction of patient dose.