Genito- urinary system – basics, innervations of urinary bladder in detail, microscopic structure of the kidney, Juxtaglomerular apparatus, microcirculation of kidney, histopathology of kidney, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Renal hemodynamics and glomerular filtration- renal function, renal function tests, micturition

Urinary tract pathology- basis of impaired renal function, urine analysis. Glomerulonephritis – classification – primary ( proliferative and non-proliferative) Secondary glomerulonephritis – (SLE, purpura, polyarteritis, amyloidosis, diabetes, nephritic syndrome ) Acute renal failure, progressive renal failure and end stage renal disease Pyelonephritis , reflux nephropathy, interstitial nephritis Renal and genitourinary tract tumours – renal cell carcinoma and nephroblastoma Renal vascular disorders, kidney changes in hypertension Urinary bladder – cystitis, carcinoma, urinary tract tuberculosis, urolithiasis and obstructive uropathy Congenital abnormalities of kidneys and urinary system

Clinical examination of kidney and genitourinary system- symptoms, signs and investigations. Major manifestations – dysuria, pyuria, urethral symptoms Disorders of urine volume, haematuria , proteinuria, oedema, Obstruction of urinary tract, incontinence, renal involvement in systemic disorders Drugs and kidney, renal replacement therapy

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