M- mode and 2D transthoracic echocardiography Views used in transthoracic echocardiography Doppler echocardiography: pulsed, continuous wave and color Measurement of cardiac dimensions

Evaluation of systolic and diastolic left ventricular function Regional wall motion abnormalities Stroke volume and cardiac output assessment Transvalvular gradients

Orifice area Continuity equation Echocardiography in Valvular heart disease: Mitral stenosis Mitral regurgitation Aortic stenosis Aortic regurgitation Infective endocarditis Prosthetic valve assessment Mitral valve prolapse

Echocardiography in Cardiomyopathies: Dilated Hypertrophic Restrictive Constrictive pericarditis Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade

Echocardiographic detection of congenital heart disease: Atrial septal defect Ventricular septal defect Patent ductus arteriosus Pulmonary stenosis Tetralogy of Fallot Coarctation of aorta Left atrial thrombus Left atrial myxoma Transesophageal echocardiography Stress Echo Cardiography and Contrast Echo Cardiography