1.Radiation- Radioactivity- Sources of radiation - natural radioactive sources -cosmic rays-terrestrial radiation - - man made radiation sources. Units of radiation - Quality factor - Flux-Fluence-Kerma- Exposure- Absorbed dose- Equivalent Dose- Weighting Factors-Effective Dose - Occupational Exposure Limits - Dose limits to public. 4.Radiation protection of self and patient- Principles of radiation protection, time - distance and shielding, shielding - calculation and radiation survey –ALARA- personnel dosimeters (TLD and film batches)- occupational exposure.

2.Ionization, excitation and free radical formation, hydrolysis of water, action of radiation on cell -Chromosomal aberration and its application for the biological dosimetry- Effects of whole body and acute irradiation, dose fractionation, effects of ionizing radiation on each of major organ system including fetus -Somatic effects and hereditary effects- stochastic and deterministic effects-Acute exposure and chronic exposure-LD50 - factors affecting radio-sensitivity. Biological effects of non-ionizing radiation like ultrasound, lasers, IR, UV and magnetic fields. 6.Philosophy of Radiation protection, effects of time, Distance & Shielding. Calculation of Work load, weekly calculated dose to radiation worker & General public Good work practice in Diagnostic Radiology. Planning consideration for radiology, including Use factor, occupancy factors, and different shielding material.

Ionization of gases- Fluorescence and Phosphorescence -Effects on photographic emulsion. Ionization Chambers – proportional counters- G.M counters- scintillation detectors – liquid semiconductor detectors – Gamma ray spectrometer. Measuring systems – free air ionization chamber – thimble ion chamber – condenser chamber – Victorian electrometer – secondary standard dosimeters – film dosimeter – chemical dosimeter- thermoluminescent Dosimeter. -Pocket dosimeter-Radiation survey meter- wide range survey meter -zone monitor-contamination monitor -their principle-function and uses. Advantages & disadvantages of various detectors & its appropriateness of different detectors for different type of radiation measurement -Calibration of Radiation Monitoring Instruments.

Quality assurance (Q.A), acceptance testing and quality control tests in Radiology- Meaning of the terms used and aspects of a QA programme, equipment and staff requirements, benefits of QA procedures in an imaging department –NABH guidelines. Verification of Optical & Radiation field congruence, Beam alignment, Focal spot size, Linearity of tube current mA and Timer, applied potential, HVT and total tube filter, Contact between film and intensifying screen, contrast resolution, Grid alignment, Special techniques like mammography, CT - CT Dose Modulation- Patient dose management.

7. International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) / National Regularity body (AERB - Atomic Energy Regulatory Board) - Responsibilities, organization, Safety Standard, Codes and Guides, Responsibilities of licenses, registrants & employers and Enforcement of Regulatory requirements. 8.Role of technologist in radiology department - Personnel and area monitoring., Setting up of a new X-Ray unit, staff requirement, AERB specifications for site planning and mandatory guidelines – Planning of X-ray rooms, dark rooms –Inspection of X-Ray installations - Registration of X-Ray equipment installation- Certification -Evaluation of workload versus radiation factors – Occupational exposure and protection Tools/devices. ICRP, NRPB, NCRP and WHO guidelines for radiation protection, pregnancy and radiation protection. Guidance level for patients dose reduction in radio-diagnosis. Dose constrains for comforters of patients. Radiation incidents involving X-Ray equipments, over exposure investigations and case studies.