1. X-ray film construction and film characteristics – Composition of single and double coated radiographic films -structure of emulsion- film characteristics; speed, base fog, gamma, latitude -effect of grain size on film response to exposure, interpretation of characteristics curve- exposure to x-rays. 2. applications -advantages/limitations of different types Structure, properties of different parts-Film storage - handling -film wrappings- handling of exposed and unexposed films -safe light requirements.

3.Meaning of radiographic image contrast, density, resolution, sharpness, magnification and distortion of image, noise and blur. Primary radiological image formation- Image quality – unsharpness- resolution – fog and noise - use of contrast media-density- contrast – brightness- optical density measurements- Image recording devices.

4.Film developing principles- acidity, alkalinity, pH, the processing cycle-process of film developing - development -developer solution- constituents of developer. Fixing- fixer solution- composition of fixer –washing – drying replenishment -checking and adjusting replenishment rates - other processing solution – effect of temperature and development time - film processing methods-common errors and faults while processing manual and automatic processing- latent image formation– silver recovery and economics.

5. Image recording devices-Laser imager/camera functioning. Multiformatter- Optical Disc. System Film archiving systems - MOD/disc/PACS etc. 6.Automatic film handling systems -Automated Processors - equipment for Film Processing-functions of various components- film roller transport - transport time -film feed system-Importance and relation to temp, fixed and variable time cycles-Care and maintenance -cleaning routine and methods of cleaning.

7. and viewing conditions, visual acuity and resolution. 8.Site – layout - dark room design- construction- processing area– illumination-safe light compatibility - entrance safe lighting – types- storage- shelving of films-cleaning and maintenance.