M- mode and 2D transthoracic echocardiography Views used in transthoracic echocardiography Doppler echocardiography: pulsed, continuous wave and color Measurement of cardiac dimensions

Evaluation of systolic and diastolic left ventricular function Regional wall motion abnormalities Stroke volume and cardiac output assessment Transvalvular gradients Orifice area Continuity equation

Mitral stenosis Mitral regurgitation Mitral valve prolapse Aortic stenosis Aortic regurgitation atrial thrombus Left atrial myxoma

Infective endocarditis Prosthetic valve assessment. Echocardiography in Cardiomyopathies: Dilated Hypertrophic Restrictive Constrictive pericarditis

Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade Echocardiographic detection of congenital heart disease: Atrial septal defect Ventricular septal defect Patent ductus arteriosus Pulmonary stenosis Tetralogy of Fallot Coarctation of aorta Left Transesophageal echocardiography Stress Echo Cardiography and Contrast Echo Cardiography