Concept of working capital, importance and objectives, types of working capital, factors affecting working capital requirements, operating cycle and cash conversion cycle, assessment of working capital needs, risk-return trade-off in working capital management, working capital policies – aggressive, conservative, and moderate.

Objectives of cash management, cash budgeting and forecasting, optimal cash balance models – Baumol model, Miller-Orr model, strategies for efficient cash management, cash flow synchronization, cash concentration and disbursement techniques, electronic cash management, treasury management.

Objectives of receivables management, credit policies and credit terms, credit risk analysis and credit scoring, factoring and invoice discounting, management of accounts receivable, inventory classification and valuation, EOQ model, just-in-time (JIT), ABC analysis, VED analysis, inventory control techniques.

Sources of working capital financing – trade credit, bank finance, commercial paper, factoring, letters of credit, bank overdrafts, term loans vs working capital loans, working capital finance under consortium and multiple banking arrangements, working capital appraisal by banks, role of NBFCs in working capital finance.

Impact of technology on working capital management, automation in cash and treasury management, fintech solutions for short-term financing, working capital management in MSMEs and startups, behavioral aspects of working capital decisions, working capital and corporate governance, regulatory framework affecting working capital policies.