Financial and Economic Meaning of Investment, Characteristics and Objectives of Investment, Investment Process, Types of Investment, Investment Alternatives, Choice and Evaluation, Risk and Return Concepts, Valuation of Bonds and Stocks

Economic Analysis – GDP, Inflation, Interest Rates, Government Policies, Industry Analysis – Industry Classification, Life Cycle Analysis, Porter’s Five Forces Model, Company Analysis – Financial Statements, Ratio Analysis, Earnings Forecasting, Measuring and Forecasting Earnings, Applied Valuation Techniques – Discounted Cash Flow (DCF), Relative Valuation, Graham and Dodd's Investor Ratios

Market Indicators – Price, Volume, Breadth Indicators, Types of Trends – Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Trends, Dow Theory – Principles and Criticism, Chart Patterns – Head & Shoulders, Double Tops & Bottoms, Triangles, Technical Indicators – Moving Averages, RSI, MACD, Bollinger Bands, Market Efficiency – Forms of Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), Behavioral Finance – Heuristics, Overconfidence, Herding Effect

Portfolio Construction – Objectives, Constraints, Diversification, Portfolio Theories – Markowitz Model, Efficient Frontier, Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) – Assumptions and Limitations, Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT), Asset Allocation Strategies – Strategic vs. Tactical Allocation, Risk- Return Tradeoff in Portfolio Selection

Portfolio Performance Evaluation – Sharpe Ratio, Treynor Ratio, Jensen’s Alpha, Portfolio Revision Strategies – Active vs. Passive Management, Mutual Funds and ETFs – Types, Advantages, Performance Evaluation, Risk Management Strategies – Hedging, Speculation, Arbitrage, Contemporary Trends – Algorithmic Trading, ESG Investing, Cryptocurrency Investments