Definitions - different approaches to protonic acid - base systems - strengths of Lewis Acids and Bases - Hard and Soft Acids and Bases. Applications of HSAB concept. Basis of hardness and softness - limitations of HSAB concept.

Metallurgy : Occurrence of metals – concentration of ores – froth floatation, magnetic separation, calcination, roasting, smelting, flux, aluminothermic process, purification of metals – electrolysis, zone refining, van Arkel de-Boer process. Ozone and hydrogen peroxide – preparation, properties, structure, uses and comparison between the two. Selenium and Tellurium – Extraction, properties and Uses. Oxides and oxyacids of Se and Te. A comparative study of Sulphur, Selenium, Tellurium and their compounds (hydrides, oxides, halides).

General conditions of equilibrium and spontaneity- conditions of equilibrium and spontaneity under constants – definition of A and G – physical significance of dA and dG. Temperature and pressure dependence of G, Gibbs – Helmholtz equation and chemical equilibrium – concept of chemical potential – chemical potential in a mixture of ideal gases – van’t Hoff isotherm and isochore – Third law of thermodynamics – statement and applications - exception to third law.

Solubility and solubility product - determination of solubility product - applications of solubility product principle. Dissociation of weak acids and bases - dissociation constants - pH scale - common ion effect - buffer solutions - determination of pH values of buffer mixtures - Henderson’s equation - Hydrolysis of salts - degree of hydrolysis.

Chromatographic methods – partition adsorption – basic principles – differential migration, adsorption phenomenon, nature of adsorbents, choice of solvents and Rf value – techniques and applications of paper, column, TLC and gas chromatography. Basic principles of HPLC.