Review of first, second and third laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamic variables and relations - Standard state - Standard enthalpy of formation - Hess’s Law of heat summation and its applications. Heat of reaction at constant pressure and at constant volume - Enthalpy of neutralization - Bond dissociation energy and its calculation from thermo-chemical data - Temperature dependence of enthalpy - Kirchhoff’s equation. Chemical equilibrium – Phase transitions – Ehrenfest classification – Examples Gibbs free energy - Helmholtz free energy and their variations with temperature, pressure and volume. Criteria for spontaneity - Gibbs-Helmholtz equations - Derivation and applications.

Ionic equilibria –Strong and weak electrolytes - Acid-base - Common ion effect – pH - Buffer solutions and buffer action in biological systems and salt hydrolysis. (definitions, examples and equations only). (No derivations) Galvanic cells: EMF and its origin -Standard electrode potentials -Reference electrodes (NHE and Calomel) Electrochemical series and its applications - Formation of standard cells - Cell reaction and calculation of EMFs -Lead storage cell - Corrosion and its prevention.

Grothus-Drapers law and Stark-Einstein's law of photochemical equivalence - Quantum yield - Examples for photochemical reactions: Hydrogen- Chlorine reaction, Photosynthesis – Phosphorescence –Fluorescence - Chemiluminescence and photosensitisation - Definitions with examples. Chemotheraphy: Sulpha drugs and its mode of action with an example - Definition one example each for - analgesics. antipyretics, tranquilisers, sedatives, hypnotics, local anesthetics and general anesthetics.

Optical Isomerism: Optical isomerism – Optical activity – Optical and specific rotations - Conditions for optical activity - Asymmetric centre - Chirality - Achiral molecules - Meaning of (+) and (-) and D and L notations - Elements of symmetry -. Racemisation - Methods of racemisation (by substitution and tautomerism) - Resolution - Methods of resolution (mechanical, seeding, biochemical and conversion to diastereoisomers) - Asymmetric synthesis (partial and absolute synthesis) - Walden inversion -Optical activity in compounds not containing asymmetric carbon atoms. Geometric Isomerism: cis-trans, syn-anti and E-Z notations- Geometric isomerism in oximes and alicyclic compounds.

Classification – Preparation and properties of alpha amino acids – Peptide synthesis – Classification of proteins by physical properties and biological functions – Biological functions of peptide harmones, protein harmones - Elementary ideas about RNA and DNA.