Network Hardware: LAN – WAN – MAN – Wireless – Home Networks. Network Software: Protocol Hierarchies – Design Issues for the Layers – Connection-oriented and connectionless services – Service Primitives – The Relationship of services to Protocols. Reference Models: OSI Reference Model – TCP/IP reference Model – Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP -Critique of OSI and protocols – Critique of the TCP/IP Reference model.

Guided Transmission Media: Magnetic Media – Twisted Pair – Coaxial Cable – Fiber Optics. Wireless Transmission: Electromagnetic Spectrum – Radio Transmission – Microwave Transmission – Infrared and Millimeter Waves – Light Waves. Communication Satellites: Geostationary, Medium-Earth Orbit, Low Earth-orbit Satellites – Satellites versus Fiber.

Error Detection and correction – Elementary Data-link Protocols – Sliding Window Protocols. MEDIUM-ACCESS CONTROL SUB LAYER: Multiple Access Protocols – Ethernet – Wireless LANs - Broadband Wireless – Bluetooth.

Routing algorithms – Congestion Control Algorithms. TRANSPORT LAYER: Elements of Transport Protocols – Internet Transport Protocols: TCP. Page Replacement Algorithm- The First In First Out-The second Chance Page Replacement Algorithm-The Clock Page Replacement Algorithm-The Least Recently Used. Input/output: Principles of I/O Hardware: I/O Devices-Interrupt Handlers.

DNS – E-mail. NETWORK SECURITY: Cryptography – Symmetric Key Algorithms – Public Key Algorithms – Digital Signatures.