Introduction-Fundamental concepts-Data communication-protocols-standards-standards and organizations-Signal propagation-analog and digital signals. Information Encoding: Introduction-Representing different symbols- Minimizing errors-Multimedia. Analog and Digital Transmission methods: Introduction- Analog signal, analog transmission-digital signal, digital transmission-digital signal, analog transmission-analog signal, digital transmission-Nyquist theorem.

Introduction- Parallel and serial communication-Asynchronous, Synchronous and Isochronous communication- Simplex, Half Duplex, Full duplex communication-Multiplexing- Types of multiplexing. Transmission Error-Detection and Correction: Introduction-Error classification-Types of errors-Error detection. Network topology, switching & routing algorithm: Mesh Topology, Star topology, Tree topology, Ring topology, Bus topology-hybrid topologies.

Introduction-Local Area Network(LAN)-Ethernet- Token ring- FDDI(Fiber Distributed Data Interface)-Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)-Wide Area Network(WAN): WAN Architecture-WAN transmission mechanism- packet forwarding. Integrated Services Digital Network(ISDN): Introduction- ISDN architecture-ISDN interfaces. Frame Relay: Introduction- The Need for frame relay-How frame relay works-Frame relay frame format-Congestion Control-Traffic Control

Introduction-Overview of ATM-Packet size- ATM layers. Internetworking concepts, devices, Internet basics, history and architecture: Introduction-why internetworking?- The problems in internetworking-Internetworking Devices-Repeaters-Bridges-Routers- gateways-Growth of Internet- Internet topology. Ways of accessing internet: Introduction- Dial-up access for individual users-Leased lines-Digital subscriber line (DSL).

Introduction- TCP/IP Basics-Why IP address-logical address- The concept of IP address -Address Resolution Protocol(ARP)-Reverse address resolution Message protocol(RARP)-Internet control message protocol(ICMP).