Precipitation, filtration, sample drying, transfer of precipitates. Distillation, vacuum distillation, fractional distillation and steam distillation. sublimation, crystallization, fractional crystallization. m.p., b.p., and refractive indices

Accuracy and precision, methods for their expression, classification of errors, detection and correction of determination and intermediate errors. The normal law of distribution of intermediate errors.

F test – definition, general steps – F test to compare two variances and two tailed F test – formula and calculation. T test - definition, procedure, interpretation, evaluation, significance and difference between ANOVA and t test – paired t test. Rejection of data, method of least squares, propagation of errors in computation, significant figures

Corrosion, flammable, explosive, toxic, carcinogenic and poisonous chemicals. Simple first aid procedures for accidents involving acids, alkalies, bromine, burns and cut by glass. Precautions to avoid poisoning - treatment for specific poisons, threshold vapour concentrations - safe limits - laboratory safety measures. Waste disposal - fume disposal -precautions for avoiding accidents.

Theory of indicators - Theory of precipitation, co-precipitation and post-precipitation - Theory of purifying the precipitates. Acid-base, redox, complexometric and precipitation titrations - volumetric analysis.