Purpose of the Database System – View of data – Data models – Database languages – Transaction management – Storage management – Database Administrator – Database users. Entity Basic concepts – Design issues – Mapping constraints – keys – E-R diagram – Weak entity sets – Extended E-R features

Structure of Relational Databases – The relational algebra - The Tuple relational calculus - The domain relational calculus Pitfalls in relational-database design – decomposition – Normalization using fundamental dependencies - Distributed Databases: Distribution transaction model – Commit protocols – Concurrency control.

Naming Rules and Conventions – Data Types – Constraints – Creating Oracle Table – Displaying Table Information – Altering an Existing Table – Dropping, Renaming, Truncating Table – Table Types – Spooling – Error codes

Data Management and Retrieval: DML – Adding a new Row/Record – Customized Prompts – Updating and Deleting an Existing Rows/Records – retrieving Data from Table – Arithmetic Operations – Restricting Data with WHERE clause –Sorting – Revisiting Substitution Variables – DEFINE command – CASE structure. Functions and Grouping: Built-in functions –Grouping Data Joins and Set operations: Join – Set operations.

History – Fundamentals – Block Structure – Comments – Data Types – Other Data Types – Declaration – Assignment operation – Bind variables – Substitution Variables – Printing – Arithmetic Operators Control Structures – Nested Blocks – SQL in PL/SQL – Data Manipulation –Transaction Control statements Records – Tables – Varrays.