Basic Units, Heat, Acoustics etc. Basic concepts of power, work, force, energy - Einstein’s formula - Electronics, Electricity & Magnetism, -electromagnetic waves - Units and measurements - temperature and heat-SI units of above parameters-Atomic structure- Nucleus - Atomic Number, Mass Number electron orbit and energy levels-Periodic table -Isotopes-Isobars-Ionisation and excitation.

Electric charges-electric induction - electric potential-capacitance and capacitors. electrical energy and power - unit of current-resistance and Ohm’s law - circuit laws - heating effect of current - sources of electrical energy - e.m.f. Magnetism-Magnetic effect of an electric current - applications of magnetic field. Electro-magnetic induction, laws of mutual induction and self induction. Alternating current-transformers theory and losses - practical aspects-reactance –resonance - impedance and power factors.

Natural and artificial radioactivity-alpha decay-beta decay and spectra – gamma emission-positron decay electron capture and internal conversion-Exponential decay-Half life-Unit of activity-specific activity. Nuclear Fission-Nuclear reactor. Radiation sources-Natural and artificial-production of radio isotopes-reactor produced isotopes-Fission products-Gamma ray source for Medical uses.

Attenuation of X-ray or Gamma rays- absorption and scattering-half value layer-coherent scattering-Photo electric absorption-compton scattering-pair production and photoelectric disintegration. X-Ray transmission through medium-linear and mass attenuation coefficients. HVT - TVT and interaction of charged particle and neutrons with matter. Interaction of X-and Gamma rays in body-fat-soft-tissue-bone-contrast medium- Total attenuation coefficient. Relative important of different types of interactions.

X-ray Tube: Anode & Cathode - Thermionic diode – X- ray valves and tubes –principle and practical aspects – semiconductors – triode valves – cathode ray oscilloscopes – X-ray circuits – self rectifying circuits – half wave pulsating voltage circuits – full valve pulsating voltage circuits - measurement of high voltage – control of KV circuit – mA circuit. X-ray beam quality. X-Ray generators and circuits-Filament current and voltage, X-Ray circuits -primary circuit-auto transformer-switch and timers- principle of automatic exposure control and practical operation - filament circuit -high voltage circuits - half wave & full wave rectification -three phase circuits. Types of generators, 3 phase, 6 and 12 pulse circuits- falling load generators- capacitors discharge and grid control systems. X-ray tables-floating top table & variable height table. X-Ray Grids /Bucky Scattered Radiation -Significance of scatter – Beam limiting devices.-Grid principle and structure – Types of Grids - vertical bucky- versatile bucky -Stationary grid, parallel grid, focused grid – crossed grid, moving grid – Potter Bucky Diaphragm- Control of scattered radiation and grids/Bucky - Methods of minimizing formation of scatter radiation, types of grids and grid ratio- use of cones – diaphragm/ light beam devices - effectiveness of collimation - limitations of the primary beam/the light beam diaphargm -Effects of scatter radiation on radiograph image quality, patient dose and occupational exposure. X-Ray Casettes & Intensifying screens: Fluorescence – constituents of intensifying screens – types of screens-intensification factors-speed of screen- screen unsharpness. Cassette-construction-types of cassettes- use of fluorescent screen in radiology, effect of screen in reduction of patient dose.